BRIAN McCARTHY: The next episode of goosing credit growth, which is not low, 12% by my calculation this year, including government debt issuance. The next episode will expose Xi Jinping's master plan as a failure effectively.

Earlier this year, when everybody said they're going to do fiscal stimulus, my thought was, where are they taking that number? Are they going to go from 9% of GDP government borrowing to 15? Is that credible? In general, I think this whole policy structure of fighting this impossible trinity and stimulating every time growth slows, is at a dead end, is at a dead end. I don't think we're going to see the bounce that people are used to seeing in Chinese growth at all.

My name is Brian McCarthy. I'm the managing principal at Macrolens LLC, which is a third party research firm dedicated to helping institutional investors understand better what's going on in China, but also to understand better the interplay between the US and China, whether it's monetary policy or trade policy, and how that can be a really important driver of global liquidity conditions, and what investors colloquially referred to as risk on, risk off sentiment.

Why hasn't there been a credit crisis in China yet?

My thesis on China has never really been predicated on a credit crisis. Along the lines of what we saw in 2009 in the US, Chinese credit markets are very state dominated. For perspective, Chinese M2 is 80% of total credit in that system. In the US that number is 27%, or 28%. That means China has a much more bank dominated system.

There's been a lot of talk about how they've slowed the growth of shadow banking in China because it was becoming a more pertinent part of their system, which the authorities can't control. One of the reasons they've had to shut that down is because they don't want something to grow that they cannot control. With 80% of credit funneling through banks, which are state owned and state controlled, so long as those banks have the requisite liquidity to roll over bad debt, the bad loan ratio in China can remain a centrally planned variable effectively, and they can really dictate things with a fairly fine level of granularity.

They may tell the banks let this one steel company go bankrupt, but then roll all the rest. We've seen a series of first credit events in China and there's always a story in Bloomberg and the Wall Street Journal about how this could create a panic. It's the first LGFV default. It's the first dollar bond default. It's the first SLE missed a coupon. The first bank missed a coupon, and it never morphs into a panic. I think it's because they have such a high level of control over what gets rolled and what doesn't.

Now, there is an inherent Ponzi dynamic here, which is that they can make bad debt good so long as there is money coming into the system. That means that the People's Bank of China must maintain absolute freedom to effectively print money and provide liquidity to the banks so that they can follow that central plan of that bad debt ratio staying only at 1.50% or 2% no higher.

What's your framework for China?

The framework I've always used for analyzing the Chinese credit bubble and how it might be dealt with is the impossible trinity framework, which comes from the Mundo Fleming work in the early '70s, which is just a basic arbitrage model of foreign exchange determination and capital flows. Which, if you envision a triangle, there are three points of the triangle and any policy maker can have only two of the three, the three points being control of domestic liquidity, which we've just discussed, is an absolute must have for China, which means they have to choose one of the other two, which is a fixed exchange rate, or an open capital account.

Now, this is where it gets a little tricky, because in the modern world, everybody really has an open capital account if they're engaged with the global economy, like North Korea, doesn't, it's an island financially and economically for the most part. China on the flip side is the most active nation in the world in terms of global trade. $4 trillion annually of gross trade flows, lot of money has to cross that border for that to get done. It makes it almost impossible for them to actually close the capital account effectively.

We can talk about what they've done in detail, which is quite diabolical, actually, but in a world where you're talking about the largest trading nation on the planet, that must have very easy liquidity conditions. We're talking double digit credit growth or all hell's going to break loose in their credit markets, that inevitably will put strain on their fixed exchange rate. Chinese policymakers understood this in 2015 so what happened 2014, 2015? The dollar strengthened a lot via the fixed exchange rate and a somewhat open capital account, that transmitted liquidity tightness to China and the economy in 2015 in China was nominal growth at 50-year lows on the verge of crisis effectively.

Policymakers said, we need to break this constraint that the fixed exchange rate is imposing on our monetary policy and it got really messy really quickly. It was just much more difficult than they had envisioned. They weren't prepared to surrender complete control. They wanted to go from a heavily managed exchange rate to a somewhat less managed exchange rate. That just really doesn't work because once you tell the market, yes, we want our currency to go down but only at a slow pace. Well, everybody's still going to sell today.

What happened was they tried to manage that process via intervention in the foreign exchange markets. The PBOC lost a trillion dollars of reserves over a little more than a 12-month period into 2016. On top of which, by my estimate, Chinese banks borrowed another half a trillion dollars from non-Chinese banks to engage in intervention and basically try to fight this impossible trinity. China couldn't tighten domestic monetary policy. Global liquidity in the dollar realm was tightening and they tried to overwhelm that with massive intervention. What they found out was, that was just going to be a dead end because if you're not adjusting domestic monetary policy, you're effectively engaging in sterilized intervention, which is nothing more than a stalling tactic.

They've sent stopped and are utilizing, as I said, more pernicious means of controlling capital, which we can talk about next, I suppose, which is the story of a dollar shortage of China, which you hear a lot about, and I'm sure a lot of people wonder, where's that coming from? It's really this battle with the impossible trinity that Chinese policymakers are engaged in.

Can you review capital controls and the dollar shortage?

I like to say that China doesn't have capital controls. Capital controls are a myth, because when you use the term capital control, you have this image of the Chinese regulator being able to decide on every foreign exchange trade of this one is for a company that's actually buying or selling widgets, that's okay. This other trade is for a capital transaction that we approve of, that's okay. This third trade is for a guy who wants to buy an apartment in Vancouver and we're not going to allow that. They have zero ability to do that.

There are well over a million entities in China who are licensed to engage in international trade and therefore trade foreign exchange, and on a trade by trade, excuse me, trade by trade basis, they have absolutely no way to disentangle the trade flows from the capital flows and you can see this in the data whereby the foreign exchange flows that are tagged by Chinese banks as pertaining to international trade look nothing like the actual trade surplus. Sometimes, more than the trade surplus comes in 2011, '12, '13 when people wanted to play the RMB carry trade, since then, only a fraction of the trade surplus actually comes back.

They cannot disentangle the capital flows from the trade flows. This leads to a very heavy handed approach. I think this is the way the central planner thinks. The regulator tells him geez, we have a problem. There's a lot more outflows than inflows and we're losing reserves at a rapid pace. This is not sustainable. The central planner at the top says, make them balanced, just make that problem go away by force.

What they've effectively said is the outflows will be limited to the inflows and ergo, we will balance and to your point about the monthly reserve data not really containing information, they have dictated that the outflows and inflows will balance by fiat, ergo every month when they show us data that says the outflows and the inflows have balanced, it doesn't really tell us anything about the state of play in China and about stress that might exist. Now, this is an incredibly difficult proposition for a macro analyst because we can see that all of the stress and the all of these Chinese policies are based on trying to manage a growing disequilibrium.

Chinese asset prices are here, particularly in terms of real estate. Other cities are here and people want to arbitrage that. They want to get out of China and every time they goose credit and goose real estate, which was one of the reasons they're reluctant to do that, the disequilibrium grows and the pressure builds. We can see all this pressure is now being funneled into this foreign exchange balancing act. As the disequilibrium grows, the supply of foreign currency coming in will increasingly be insufficient to the demand that China has for foreign currency to engage in international trade, and to be somewhat open to the rest of the world in terms of investment, profit flows, and the like.

We do have data because the onshore foreign exchange market in China is so heavily regulated and controlled. We can accumulate the actual trades that go through, those inflows that are matching the outflows. We have a gross inflow number that we know we can monitor what the supply of foreign exchange is into China. In the last 12 months, that number's about $1.7 trillion gross. For reference at the peak 2016, we were talking something like 2.7. Now, most of that supply of dollars was out of the reserves and that's now gone away.

I will say to the regulators credit, they're very heavy handed and they have I believe up their game in terms of enforcing export repatriation of dollars to China. I've heard anecdotes of SAFE, the foreign exchange regulator in China, 2018 there are bouts calling exporters, even medium sized, smaller companies who might have eight or $10 million in an account in Hong Kong and saying hey, what is that? How come you're leaving that money in Hong Kong? We suggest you bring it back.

My contention would be that somehow, the Chinese authorities are getting account data from the Hong Kong authorities. It's not that shocking, I guess although probably shouldn't be happening. They don't have the jewelry export repatriation regulations that force that but de facto, I think they are doing some arm twisting to improve the rate of export proceed repatriation to try to generate some inflow. Now, these exporters who might realize that Hong Kong's not-- their information in Hong Kong bank might not be secure from SAFE, probably find some other way to move that money to a place that is so this cat and mouse game is ongoing, but they are using heavy handed measures to ensure that as much money that comes back will do so.

On top of which, they have been fortunate enough to be added, upgraded in a number of the bond and equity indices, which has generated 10s of billions of dollars of inflow, which has helped satisfy some of that dollar demand in China. My personal view is that these index providers, while maybe doing things by the book, the rules as they're dictated, are really doing investors a disservice because the fact that China increasingly has to bottle up its own investors in its own markets is ipso facto evidence of a disequilibrium, those assets are overvalued, and they're not allowing their investors to sell them and now, these index providers are pushing Western investors in on top of that, misvaluation.

I think it's unfortunate and I think that investors who are really long term in China and maybe buying bonds or equities, launching funds that plan to be there for eight or 10 years, really have to be aware of the risk that this foreign exchange shortage could come back to bite them as well someday. I think they probably presumed that they would be the first to be allowed out but in a stress situation, that's not necessarily the case.

What are the three scenarios for the impossible trinity?

Around the impossible trinity, there are the three corners. Ultimately they have to give up one. If they give up domestic monetary control, I call that the Japan scenario, it's going to be ugly. If they give up the fixed exchange rate, as we've discussed, they can't partially manage it, it's going to have to travel far enough to fix the disequilibrium between Chinese asset prices and external asset prices. It's anybody's guess, this could be a number like 12 or 13 on dollar/CNY. I call that the Argentina scenario.

They're actually on the closures scenario, that path I call the North Korea path which just add an extreme, there will be grossly insufficient foreign exchange liquidity for China not only to continue to engage financially, but it will begin to impair their ability to engage in international trade. Much of Chinese international trade is dependent on importing components, assembling and re-exporting. That business is going to start to be impaired as well. The ultimate logic of how they've set this up is it is not compatible with Xi Jinping's vision for China as a global player and it looks more like something like North Korea where they increasingly close themselves off to the to the rest of the world.

I'd like to make one point about the Japan scenario if I could, because Michael Pettis, who a lot of your viewers have probably follow and read, great blogger, great thinker about China. He advocates this Japan scenario, which people think of as 20 or 25 years of grinding, slower growth and stagnation, which it is. It does involve that, but it also started with an 80% plus decline in real estate and equity valuations.

Once you lose control of that liquidity, it gets very ugly and this centrally planned bad loan rate at 1.6% could go to 10, 15, who the heck knows? Once they lose control of the process of managing credit markets, if there is not a devaluation that lifts nominal growth dramatically, there's no